Generally, a dog’s immune system removes harmful bacteria from the blood stream quickly; however, dogs with weak immune systems or those who are very young or very old are more likely to develop sepsis.

Sepsis is life-threatening and is considered a medical emergency. This condition should be treated immediately by a veterinarian.

Warning Signs of Sepsis in Dogs

Sepsis in dogs causes concerning symptoms, which may include the following:

• Fever
• Decreased appetite
• Increased heart rate
• Increased respiratory rate
• Low blood pressure
• Trembling
• Disorientation
• Lethargy
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Panting

Dogs will experience some or all of these symptoms depending on which stage of sepsis they are in.

Stages of Sepsis in Dogs

Sepsis rapidly progresses in dogs if not treated promptly. The stages of sepsis include:

1. Bacteremia: This is the early stage of sepsis when bacteria first start to leak into the bloodstream. Many dogs are able to clear the bacteria during this stage if they have strong immune systems; however, if they do not, bacteria start to accumulate.
2. Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS): If bacteria continue to increase in the bloodstream, the dog’s immune system overreacts and begins releasing a large number of inflammatory molecules, causing concerning symptoms.
3. Septic shock: A dog’s immune system produces proteins called cytokines to counteract the large number of bacteria, which causes significant inflammation and blood vessels to dilate. When this occurs, a dog’s blood pressure becomes extremely low and organs do not receive the blood supply they require to function properly.
4. Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS): As organs continue to be deprived of adequate blood and oxygen, they begin to fail and shut down.
5. Death: As sepsis continues to progress, many dogs succumb to the condition.

Causes of Sepsis in Dogs

There are several possible reasons a dog may develop sepsis, some of which may include:

• Bacterial infection: If a dog has an infection in some part of his body, there is potential for bacteria to spread into the bloodstream and cause widespread infection that overwhelms his immune system. This may be due to a recent skin wound, a urinary tract infection, or periodontal disease, just to name a few.
• Intravenous (IV) catheters: If a dog is being treated for an illness at a veterinary hospital and has an intravenous catheter in place, this site can allow bacteria to enter the bloodstream and cause infection, especially if it is in place for prolonged periods.
• Surgery: If a dog undergoes surgery, especially of the tooth or intestines where bacteria generally live, it increases the risk for these bacteria to enter the bloodstream and cause a widespread infection. 
• Bloat: Dogs with gastric dilatation and volvulus (bloat) may experience sepsis due to the twisting and dilation of their stomachs, which can cause bacteria to leak into the bloodstream.
• Medications: Dogs taking immunosuppressive medications are at an increased risk for sepsis since their immune systems are weakened and unable to fight infections optimally.

Treatment Plan for Dogs with Sepsis

Dogs with sepsis require hospitalization and supportive care. This includes receiving intravenous fluids to improve blood pressure and keep them hydrated. Additional treatments that may be warranted include the following:

• Intravenous antibiotics, such as Unasyn®
• Nutritional support, such as a feeding tube
• Blood pressure support, such as norepinephrine
• Gastrointestinal protectants, such as famotidine
• Anti-emetics, such as maropitant
• Blood transfusions
• Oxygen therapy

Additional medications may be recommended by the veterinarian if appropriate for the patient to support treatment and recovery.

Some dogs may undergo surgery to correct the underlying cause for the sepsis, such as to correct bloat or to remove an infected ruptured uterus (pyometra).

The prognosis for dogs with sepsis is highly variable depending on how severe the dog’s condition is upon seeking treatment. With prompt treatment in the early stages of disease, most dogs will recover fully. However, if a dog is not seen until sepsis is severe or if the dog has underlying health issues, the prognosis is generally poor.

References:

1. Infections Caused by Bacteria – Special Pet Topics – Merck Veterinary Manual
2. SurvivingsepsisinVeterinary-Medicine.pdf
3. The Veterinary Nurse – Nursing a canine in septic shock: a patient care report

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Here we will discuss what fading kitten syndrome is, common symptoms and causes, diagnosis and treatment options, and the best prevention strategies. 

What are the Symptoms of Fading Kitten Syndrome?

Kittens failing to thrive generally do not gain weight, appear weak, and don’t eat well. Additional symptoms that may be present include the following:

• Unkempt appearance
• Dehydration
• Decreased body temperature
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Pale gums
• Lethargy
• Seizures (from low blood sugar)

What Causes Fading Kitten Syndrome?

Various conditions can lead to fading kitten syndrome, ranging from congenital (present at birth) issues to acquired diseases. Some of the most common conditions leading to fading kitten syndrome include:

• Poor suckle reflex
• Low birth weight
• Prematurity
• Genetic abnormalities
• Lack of nutrition
• Aspiration pneumonia
• Toxin exposure
• Anemia
• Bacterial or viral infections
• Intestinal parasites

How Do Veterinarians Diagnose Fading Kitten Syndrome?

A veterinarian starts with a thorough physical exam to identify obvious abnormalities in the kitten’s demeanor and anatomy, such as genetic defects. The veterinarian will speak with the pet parent about when symptoms started, when the kitten was born, and if there were any complications during birth. The veterinarian will also ask if there is any chance the kitten got into something, such as a toxin, recently.  Because there are many factors that can cause fading kitten syndrome, diagnostic testing may be done to check the cat’s overall health. Testing may include the following:

• Bloodwork: A small sample of blood is removed from the kitten’s vein to check blood cells, platelets, and internal organ function. Specialized blood testing, such as infection or toxin screening, can also be done.
• Urinalysis: The kitten’s urine is screened for abnormalities, such as white blood cells or bacteria that indicate an infection.
• Fecal float: A small sample of stool is processed and viewed under the microscope to check for signs of intestinal parasites or infection.
• Imaging: A veterinarian may take a chest radiograph (x-ray) to identify signs of pneumonia that could be contributing to the kitten’s failure to thrive.

What is the Treatment for Fading Kitten Syndrome?

Treatment focuses on the underlying cause and is mainly supportive in nature. Treatment must be initiated promptly after the kitten becomes ill for the best outcome. Possible treatment options include:

• Intravenous fluid therapy
• Appetite stimulants
• Feeding tube
• Antibiotic or antiviral medications
• Antiparasitic medications
• Oxygen therapy
• Dextrose
• Supplemental heat to maintain body temperature
• Blood transfusions

Kittens are hospitalized and receive intensive care around the clock to treat their symptoms.

How Do Kittens with Fading Kitten Syndrome Recover?

Unfortunately, most cases of fading kitten syndrome are fatal. If the underlying cause is treated promptly by a veterinarian, some kittens will survive, though they generally require intensive care during recovery. The mortality rate is highest during the first week of illness.

Are There Ways to Prevent Fading Kitten Syndrome? 

Pet parents should make sure the mother cat receives regular preventative care during her pregnancy to stay healthy and free of parasites or infections that could transmit to the kittens.

In addition, deworming kittens every couple of weeks helps treat and prevent intestinal parasites that can make kittens very ill.

Pet parents should closely monitor kittens following birth and weigh them daily to be sure they are receiving the proper nutrition and gaining weight. Bringing up any concerns to a veterinarian promptly can detect problems before they worsen and lead to severe symptoms.

Unfortunately, fading kitten syndrome due to genetic defects is not preventable.

_{References: Understanding and Defeating Fading Kitten Syndrome – National Kitten Coalition}

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If a runny nose only happens occasionally, it may not be cause for concern. However, dogs who experience long-lasting or recurrent runny noses likely have an underlying cause that needs to be addressed by a veterinarian.

It is important to bring your dog to the veterinarian if you notice a runny nose so that an accurate diagnosis can be made. This way, a suitable treatment plan can be determined.

Common Causes of Runny Noses in Dogs

There are many potential reasons for a dog to develop a runny nose, which may include the following:

• Upper respiratory infections, such as kennel cough
• Environmental allergies, such as dust or pollen
• Foreign object in nose, such as a blade of grass
• Exposure to irritant or household chemical
• Dental disease
• Warm weather
• Nasal tumor
• Nasal mites
• Rhinitis (nasal inflammation)

Symptoms That May Accompany Runny Noses in Dogs

Runny noses typically cause a thin, clear discharge, but sometimes the discharge can be yellow to green and thick if there is an infection.

Generally, a runny nose is not the only symptom dogs experience if they have an underlying issue. Additional symptoms associated with runny noses vary greatly depending on what is affecting the dog, but may include:

• Sneezing
• Coughing
• Itchy skin
• Skin rash
• Eye discharge
• Difficulty or noisy breathing
• Lethargy
• Decreased appetite
• Drooling
• Foul breath
• Facial swelling
• Panting
• Sweating from paw pads
• Bleeding from nose
• Fever

Not all dogs who have a runny nose will experience all of these symptoms. For example, a dog with an upper respiratory infection will typically have eye and nose discharge, sneezing, and noisy breathing but will not have itchy skin (unless of course he also has underlying allergies).

Ways a Veterinarian Diagnoses a Runny Nose in Dogs

A veterinarian will start with a thorough physical exam. He will carefully examine the dog’s nose and take note of the type (mucus, thin, crusty) and color (yellow, green, clear) of discharge present.

The veterinarian will also take a good look at the dog’s teeth if he suspects dental disease may be a contributing factor. To get the best view, a professional dental exam can be done under anesthesia.

Testing that may be done is based on the suspected underlying cause and include the following:

• Nasal swabs to test for infection
• Allergy testing
• Rhinoscopy (placing a thin camera inside the nasal cavity)
• Dental exam
• Imaging, such as x-rays

How to Care for Your Dog’s Runny Nose

The veterinarian will decide on the appropriate treatment after determining the underlying cause. Treatment may consist of antibiotics, antihistamines, steroids, surgery, antiparasitic medications, or a dental cleaning.

At home, follow your veterinarian’s instructions for any medications that should be given to help your dog’s runny nose. You can gently wipe away any nose discharge that may be blocking your dog’s nostrils until it clears with treatment.

When to Seek Vet Help for a Runny Nose

If you notice a runny nose in your dog, it’s a good idea to check with the veterinarian to make sure it’s nothing serious. Of course, if you know your dog has been outside enjoying some sunshine and comes in with a wet nose, it’s probably sweat to help him cool off. However, if there are other symptoms present alongside a runny nose, an underlying issue such as an infection or allergies, may be the culprit which a veterinarian can diagnose.

Pet parents should know that if a dog is experiencing a runny nose along with facial swelling, decreased appetite, or extreme lethargy, he should be brought to a veterinarian immediately.

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Autoimmune diseases refer to health conditions in dogs that arise from an overactive immune system. A dog’s immune system wrongly attacks its own cells within the body, resulting in disease. There is no cure for these diseases but they can be managed with appropriate medications to keep the immune system in check.

Here we will discuss the most common types of autoimmune disease in dogs, including how to recognize symptoms and ways veterinarians diagnose and treat them.

What Are Common Symptoms of Autoimmune Disease in Dogs?

Many signs and symptoms are shared by various diseases that dogs may experience, and autoimmunity is just one. Here are some of the common symptoms you may notice:

• Weight loss
• Weakness or lack of energy
• Increased heart rate
• Fever
• Pale gums or skin
• Heavy breathing

Most Common Types of Autoimmune Diseases in Dogs

There are many autoimmune diseases in dogs. Although this list is not exhaustive, some of the most common conditions include the following:

Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia

This condition arises when the immune system destroys red blood cells which causes anemia. Common symptoms include pale gums, rapid breathing, weakness, yellowing of the skin or eyes, and increased heart rate.

Immune-Mediated Thrombocytopenia

This disease results from destruction of platelets by the dog’s immune system. Symptoms may include skin bruising, bleeding from the nose or gums, blood-tinged urine, and dark or bloody stools.

Pemphigus Foliaceus

This is an autoimmune skin disease resulting from the breakdown of the epidermis (the top layer of the skin). Symptoms may include itchiness, lethargy, enlarged lymph nodes, and crusty or ulcerated skin. It mainly affects the head, face, ears, and paw pads.

Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca

This eye condition results when the immune system attacks the glands within the eye that produce tears. Therefore, the eyes are not properly lubricated. Symptoms include eye pain, squinting, thick eye discharge, corneal ulcers, and red eyes.

Immune-Mediated Arthritis

This disease occurs when the immune system destroys the cartilage or produces significant inflammation within the joints of dogs. Symptoms include limping, swollen or warm joints, joint pain, fever, and lethargy.

Myasthenia Gravis

This condition occurs when the immune system creates antibodies that interfere with muscles and nerves. Symptoms include muscle weakness, lethargy, drooling, and tremors.

Discoid Lupus Erythematosus

This is a condition resulting from the immune system attacking the skin. Common symptoms include loss of pigmentation on the face and ears, skin rash, hair loss, and scaly or ulcerated skin.

Uveodermatologic Syndrome

This condition develops when a dog’s immune system targets melanin, the pigment-producing substance of the skin. Symptoms include loss of pigmentation around the eyes, red eyes, eye pain, squinting, skin ulcers, and white discoloration of the fur.

How Does a Veterinarian Diagnose Autoimmune Disease in Dogs?

Veterinarians use a variety of tests to diagnose autoimmune diseases in dogs depending on what they suspect the underlying cause may be. Testing may include the following:

• Complete blood count
• Biochemistry panel
• Coagulation panel
• Serology
• Urinalysis
• Coomb’s test
• Slide agglutination test
• Skin biopsy
• Schirmer tear test
• Joint aspirate
• Radiographs (x-rays)

Some tests are specific for certain autoimmune diseases while others can be helpful for any ill dog. Your veterinarian can determine which tests are appropriate for your individual dog’s symptoms.

What Causes Autoimmune Diseases in Dogs?

Because autoimmune diseases result from an overactive immune system, there is no way to prevent them. However, many of these diseases are thought to have a genetic component and therefore, choosing not to breed dogs with these conditions may prevent some future cases.

Some types of cancers, infections, and medications can trigger the immune system to become overreactive, but the exact mechanisms for this are unknown and are therefore difficult to prevent.

Treatment for Autoimmune Disease in Dogs

Treatment for autoimmune diseases includes immunosuppressive medications to control the immune system. This may include azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, or high doses of corticosteroids, such as prednisone. Some conditions benefit from topical ointments, such as antibiotics, steroids, or immunosuppressive drugs. In severe cases, dogs may need hospitalization and supportive care, such as oxygen or intravenous fluids. Dogs with severe anemia or low platelet counts may also benefit from blood or plasma transfusions.

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Sometimes cats just need their space, while other times, an underlying medical condition could be causing the aggressive behavior. Because there are many reasons for a cat to suddenly display aggression, it is important to consult with a veterinarian if you notice behavioral changes in your cat.

Why Is My Cat Suddenly Aggressive?

Cats may suddenly display aggressive behavior for many reasons. Underlying health conditions and environmental factors are two of the most common causes pet parents should be aware of. Any time a normally gentle cat becomes unusually aggressive, it should be taken seriously.

Underlying Health Conditions

Cats who are in pain are more likely to become aggressive unexpectedly. If your cat is experiencing signs of aggression, it is important to bring him to the veterinarian for a checkup to rule out underlying medical conditions. A veterinarian can perform a physical exam, take a detailed history, and run diagnostic testing to determine a cause.

Defensive Mechanism

If a cat feels threatened in his environment, he may lash out as a defense mechanism. Certain factors that may elicit these feelings include the following:

• Predators
• Lack of resources
• Conflict with other household pets
• Anxiety or fear
• Changes in the environment (moving, new baby, etc.)

Dominance

Some cats want to display dominance. This is especially common in multi-cat households. To create their ideal hierarchy, cats may attempt to intimidate housemates through aggressive body language, such as hissing, pouncing, and nudging.

Overstimulation

Cats can become overstimulated and fail to regulate their emotions well. This can occur when being pet, hearing loud noises, chasing prey, or exploring a new environment. Overstimulation can lead to aggression if early warning signs are not noticed by the cat parent. This is very common in households with small children who like to repeatedly touch their pet cats and may not notice if they are beginning to feel agitated.

Temperament

Sometimes, cats can simply be temperamental. Like people, there are times when a cat may just want to be left alone. This may be obvious when you are petting your cat, and he seems to be enjoying it one moment and then becomes aggressive the next. If this occurs, giving your cat space and time to decompress usually resolves the issue.

Signs of Impending Aggression in Cats

Fortunately, before a cat becomes aggressive, there are a few warning signs pet parents can watch for. The most common signs of impending aggression in cats include the following:

• Pinned back ears
• Raised fur
• Tense, crouched posture
• Enlarged pupils
• Hissing
• Flicking tail
• Batting paws

As a cat becomes increasingly agitated, these early signs will progress to full-blown aggression. Cats may scratch, bite, or bat at the person or animal that is causing them distress.

Helpful Tips to Prevent Aggression in Cats

Implementing preventative measures against aggression in cats depends on the underlying cause. If your cat is experiencing stress, making changes to his environment can be helpful. Ensure your cat has a private space away from other household pets and people so that he can relax. Ensure he is receiving plenty of mental and physical stimulation throughout the day through toys and vertical climbing space to prevent boredom. Adding pheromone diffusers to your cat’s designated area can also promote a calming atmosphere.

However, if your cat displays other abnormal signs, such as inappropriate urination, crying out, or hiding, his aggressive demeanor could indicate an underlying health condition that needs to be managed by a veterinarian to help him feel better.

Most importantly, if your cat is showing signs of aggression, give him space. Do not try to touch or pick him up because he will likely become further agitated and may bite or scratch you. Allow him some time to calm down and then revisit the situation.

When in Doubt, Visit the Veterinarian

If you are ever in doubt about why your cat is suddenly acting aggressively, schedule an appointment with a veterinarian. Your cat will receive an exam and diagnostic testing to determine the root cause so that appropriate treatment can be started.

Once an underlying health condition has been ruled out, your veterinarian may recommend speaking with a behaviorist who can identify why the aggression is occurring and provide helpful tips to reduce and prevent these unwanted behaviors.

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What Types of Puppy Vaccines are Available?

Puppies can receive both core and non-core vaccines from their veterinarians. Core vaccines are recommended for all puppies, and they include rabies and distemper vaccines. Non-core vaccines are considered optional and are given based on certain factors that increase the puppy’s exposure risk, such as location or lifestyle. The Lyme, leptospirosis, Bordetella, influenza, and rattlesnake vaccines are categorized as non-core.

Why Does My Puppy Need Vaccines?

Vaccines are given to protect puppies from diseases that can make them very sick. Pet parents should work with a veterinarian to ensure all vaccine doses are given on time for the best protection. Let’s discuss what vaccines are available for puppies and why they are beneficial.  

Rabies vaccines are given to prevent rabies, which is spread through the bite of an infected animal. Rabies causes damage to the nervous system and is fatal. It can also be passed from dogs to people. Vaccinating your puppy against rabies is essential and is often required by law. 

Distemper vaccines protect against four types of viruses that can cause diseases, including distemper, adenovirus, parvovirus, and parainfluenza. Canine distemper virus affects the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and nervous systems and is often fatal, while adenovirus can cause disease in many parts of the body. Parvovirus is very common in unvaccinated puppies and can cause severe gastrointestinal disease, which can be fatal. Parainfluenza causes kennel cough, which is highly contagious among dogs. To prevent these diseases, this vaccination is recommended for all dogs.  

Lyme vaccines protect against Lyme disease which is spread through the bite of an infected tick. It can cause high fevers and swollen, painful joints. Lyme vaccines are recommended for dogs living in or traveling to an area where ticks are common. Dogs who hike, walk on wooded trails, or spend time in tall grass are also at an increased risk and should be vaccinated.

Leptospirosis vaccines protect against a bacterial disease that is spread through the urine of infected wildlife, rodents, and other dogs. Leptospirosis causes significant liver and kidney damage and can also be spread from dogs to people. Dogs who frequently spend time outdoors may be at risk and should be vaccinated.

Bordetella vaccines protect puppies against kennel cough, while Influenza vaccines protect against canine flu. These highly contagious respiratory infections are easily spread among dogs through close contact. These vaccines should be considered for all puppies who have contact with other dogs, such as through grooming, boarding, visiting dog parks, or attending daycare.

Rattlesnake vaccines help prevent severe reactions following a snake bite. This vaccine is given to dogs who are at an increased risk of coming into contact with rattlesnakes based on where they live or their lifestyles.

Vaccines to Expect During a Puppy’s First Year of Life

Below is a summary chart that describes a typical vaccine schedule for a puppy’s first year of life.

The influenza and rattlesnake vaccines may be recommended within this series based on exposure risk. Pet parents should speak with their veterinarians to determine if and when these vaccines should be given for ideal protection.

After completing the puppy vaccine series, dogs will continue to have vaccines at regular intervals throughout their lives, usually every one to three years, to maintain protection.

What is the Typical Cost of Puppy Vaccines?

The cost for puppy vaccines can vary greatly depending on location and the veterinarian’s recommendations. However, pet parents can generally expect to spend around $150 for core vaccines only. If optional vaccines are recommended, this cost may rise to $300-$400 for all of the vaccines and booster doses. While these costs may seem high, it’s important to remember that the prevention of disease through vaccinations is much less expensive than treating an unvaccinated puppy who gets sick.

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What is Toxoplasmosis in Cats?

Toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by a parasite called Toxoplasma gondii. Cats may develop toxoplasmosis after ingesting infected rodents or birds or contaminated soil. Once ingested, the parasite progresses through its life cycle within the cat. A cat who is exposed to this parasite for the first time in his life will start shedding oocysts in his stool and may develop symptoms depending on his overall health and age. Once these oocysts are shed, they become infectious after being exposed to the environment and can cause disease in other animals or people if they are accidentally ingested. After a cat stops shedding oocysts, the parasite becomes inactive, and the cat becomes a chronic carrier.

What are the Signs and Symptoms of Toxoplasmosis?

In many instances, cats may be infected with the parasite but show no signs of toxoplasmosis. However, if signs of infection are present, then can vary widely. Signs of toxoplasmosis may include:

• low appetite
• lethargy
• weight loss
• diarrhea
• vomiting
• jaundice (yellow discoloration of the skin and eyes)
• breathing difficulties
• fever

Toxoplasma gondii also has the potential to affect the eyes and brains of some cats, which can cause severe eye inflammation, incoordination, seizures, odd behaviors, confusion, abnormal vocalization, and head pressing. When these signs are present, the infection is considered more severe.

How is Toxoplasmosis in Cats Diagnosed?

There are various ways to diagnose toxoplasmosis in cats, one of which is a fecal float. During this test, a veterinarian will collect a small sample of stool from the cat and will look at it underneath a microscope to identify oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii that have been shed. Blood and other body fluids can be tested for the presence of antigens or antibodies to support a diagnosis as well. Lastly, tissues from the cat can be analyzed by a pathologist post-mortem to diagnose the infection.

How is Toxoplasmosis in Cats Treated?

Toxoplasmosis can be treated with an antibiotic called clindamycin or with a combination of pyrimethamine (an anti-parasitic) and sulfadiazine (an antibiotic). Clindamycin is the preferred treatment in cats, and it is typically given for a three- or four-week course to treat the signs of the infection [1]. If cats are experiencing severe disease, they may need to be hospitalized. During this time, they may receive intravenous fluids to help them feel better as well as additional supportive treatments as deemed necessary by the veterinarian.

Can Toxoplasmosis be Prevented?

To reduce the risk of toxoplasmosis, pet parents should keep their cats indoors so that they are less likely to come into contact with carriers of the parasite or contaminated soil. Pet parents should not offer their cats any raw or undercooked meat, as this can be a source of infection as well. Because the oocysts that cats shed must be exposed to the environment for a period of time before becoming infectious, pet parents should clean the litterbox daily while wearing gloves and washing hands thoroughly afterwards to reduce the risk of transmission.

Why is Toxoplasmosis Concerning?

Toxoplasmosis is a concern because it is considered zoonotic, which means it can be passed from cats to humans. This typically occurs when someone accidentally ingests an oocyst that has been shed in cat feces, either when cleaning the litterbox or when coming into contact with contaminated soil while gardening. If not properly cleaned before eating, fresh vegetables can also be a source of infection as well as undercooked meat.

Concerns During Pregnancy

This is especially concerning for pregnant women who, if they become infected during pregnancy for the first time, may pass the infection on to their fetuses. Toxoplasmosis can have significant detrimental effects on a fetus, including stillbirth, miscarriage, or the development of brain and eye abnormalities later in life. To reduce this risk, pregnant women should avoid cleaning the litterbox [1,2].  

References

What is Triaditis in Cats?

Triaditis in cats is characterized by three inflammatory conditions affecting the liver, intestines, and pancreas. These conditions are cholangitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and pancreatitis, respectively. It is unknown how many cats are affected by triaditis due to the difficulty of getting a definitive diagnosis [1]. Let’s discuss a little about each of the conditions that contribute.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a condition that affects the intestines. The exact cause in cats is unknown but there may be a genetic or environmental component. This disease causes thickening of the intestinal lining due to an influx of inflammatory cells. Cats affected by IBD tend to experience chronic gastrointestinal upset, such as vomiting and diarrhea. They typically lose weight due to nutritional insufficiencies and have poor appetites.

Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas. The pancreas is responsible for secreting insulin and digestive enzymes in response to a meal. It is unknown what causes this condition in cats, and it can be difficult to diagnose. When the pancreas becomes inflamed, cats can experience abdominal pain, though they are very good at hiding it. Cats may also experience decreased appetites, vomiting, and weight loss.

Cholangitis is an inflammatory condition affecting the bile ducts within the liver. The bile ducts are responsible for bringing bile from the liver to the gall bladder and intestines to aid digestion. When they become inflamed, it can make cats very sick. This condition can increase bilirubin in the blood and lead to yellow discoloration of the skin and eyes.

Each of these three organs can be affected by differing degrees of inflammation. For example, one cat may have greater inflammation within his pancreas, while another cat experiences more inflammation in his liver. The degree of inflammation and its location will affect the clinical signs pet parents see. Because cats tend to hide their illnesses well, they may not be seen by their veterinarian until the disease has progressed.

What Causes Triaditis in Cats?

There is no known cause of triaditis in cats, but there is thought to be an autoimmune or infectious component. Due to the close proximity of the affected organs and their anatomical features, bacteria may spread from one organ to another and may even enter the bloodstream. This process can lead to extensive inflammation within the body [1].

What are the Signs and Symptoms of Triaditis?

Signs of triaditis can vary among cats, depending on the severity of the inflammation and the main organ affected. Some signs that may be seen in cats with triaditis include the following:

• Decreased appetite
• Weight loss
• Lethargy
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Abdominal pain
• Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)

How is Triaditis Diagnosed?

Triaditis in cats is often diagnosed through a combination of tests. First, a veterinarian will perform a physical exam to identify any abnormalities. Then bloodwork, imaging, and stool tests may be done. Collecting tissue samples during surgery and sending them to a pathologist for review is the only way to definitively diagnose triaditis; however, this may not be possible in critically ill patients, and it can be relatively expensive [1].

How is Triaditis Treated?

Cats with only mild inflammation may be treated on an outpatient basis. However, many affected cats are hospitalized until they feel better so that they can receive continuous supportive care and monitoring. Treatment focuses on relieving the symptoms the cat is experiencing and consists of providing intravenous fluids, anti-nausea or antiemetic medications, and pain medications. Anti-inflammatory medications, such as corticosteroids, may also be used. If there is a bacterial infection present, antibiotic therapy will be started. Other potential treatments that may be given depending on the cat’s needs include liver support supplements, probiotics, and immunosuppressive medications. Many cats are sent home with a combination of medications to help them recover.

Some cats need an appetite stimulant to help them begin eating, and a bland diet should be offered since it is gentle on their intestines. If cats do not begin eating on their own, a feeding tube may be placed to administer nutrition in liquid form. When cats do not eat for extended periods, they can develop a condition called hepatic lipidosis, which means their liver becomes flooded with fatty deposits. It is critical that cats receive proper nutrition while recovering from triaditis to prevent this.

What is the Prognosis?

Prognosis depends on how severe the cat’s condition is at the time of diagnosis. If the cat has only mild symptoms, the prognosis is generally good. However, if a cat has severe disease with complications, the prognosis is generally poor. Some cats go on to develop chronic disease and intermittent episodes of triaditis throughout their lives that must be managed [1].

How is Triaditis Prevented?

Because the true cause of triaditis is unknown, it is difficult to determine how it can be prevented. However, feeding a high-quality diet, ensuring the cat maintains a good weight, and reducing stress in the cat’s environment are all steps pet parents can take to reduce the risk of inflammation within the body. Regular veterinary care can also identify potential health concerns early so diagnosis and treatment can begin before conditions progress in severity. If a pet parent notices any abnormal behaviors or simply feels that their furry friend is just not himself, a visit to the veterinarian is warranted.

Reference

1. Černá, P., Kilpatrick, S., & Gunn-Moore, D. A. (2020). Feline comorbidities: What do we really know about feline triaditis? Journal of feline medicine and surgery, 22(11), 1047–1067. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X20965831

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What to Do If Your Dog is Experiencing a Seizure

• Do not reach into or around your dog’s mouth during a seizure as an incidental bite may occur.
• Keep your dog safe by ensuring nothing in the immediate area could cause harm.
• Prevent your dog from falling down the stairs or off furniture.
• Keep track of how long the seizure lasts.
• Consider taking a video of the seizure to show to your veterinarian.
• Monitor your dog’s behavior immediately following the seizure.
• Determine whether your dog ingested any possible toxins around the house.
• Call your veterinarian as soon as possible following the seizure for guidance on next steps.

How to Recognize a Seizure

Seizures can manifest in several different ways depending on the type of seizure and the underlying cause. Not all dogs will experience the same signs. The most characteristic sign of a seizure includes stiffness followed by collapse and rapid convulsions. A dog typically lies on his side with his arms and legs stretched out in front of him while making a paddling motion. Dogs experiencing seizures will have their eyes open, but they will be unaware of their surroundings. They may urinate or defecate during the seizure as well. Prior to the seizure, dogs may be clingy, seem restless, and begin hypersalivating or whining.

What Causes Seizures in Dogs?

Seizures can be caused by genetic predisposition, underlying pathology, or toxin ingestion. Dogs who are genetically predisposed have changes in their DNA that result in a higher likelihood of developing epilepsy during their lifetime. This predisposition is inherited from a parent, and it isn’t preventable or curable.

Dogs with underlying medical conditions may experience seizures as a result. These conditions need to be managed first to reduce the likelihood of secondary seizures. Specific conditions that can lead to seizures include the following:

• Liver shunts
• Liver disease
• Kidney disease
• Brain tumors
• Traumatic brain injuries
• Infections
• Low blood sugar
• Electrolyte abnormalities

Additionally, ingestion of toxic substances may cause seizures in dogs. Certain household or backyard plants, such as azaleas, are toxic to dogs and can have negative effects on their nervous systems. Likewise, specific varieties of wild mushrooms can also have these effects. Various over-the-counter and prescription medications for people can induce seizures in dogs as can many household chemicals and rodenticides. In homes with young children, play dough that contains high concentrations of salt can result in seizures if ingested by dogs in large quantities.

When to Take Your Dog to the Vet for Seizures

Dogs who have experienced a seizure should be seen by a veterinarian right away. The veterinarian can determine the underlying cause of the seizures and provide appropriate treatment to reduce the likelihood of recurrence. In the case of toxin ingestion, veterinarians will provide supportive care and close monitoring to rid the body of the toxin and help the dog recover. If you are ever unsure whether your dog experienced a seizure, it is always best to contact your veterinarian for guidance.

Frequently Asked Questions

Below are some frequently asked questions that may be helpful for pet parents who would like more information about seizures in dogs.

What is your dog likely to feel before, during, and after a seizure?

Seizures can be quite scary and disorienting to dogs. While a dog is not aware and responsive during the actual seizure, he may need reassurance and comfort before and after the event. Before a seizure, a dog may feel restless and anxious. He may pace back and forth and drool excessively due to the impending seizure. Following a seizure, most dogs feel uncoordinated, drowsy, and confused. They may bump into objects and stumble around. They may also feel intense hunger and weakness.

What should you do after your dog has a seizure?

First, stay calm and ensure your dog is in a safe area where he cannot hurt himself while he is recovering from the seizure. Remain with your dog during this period, and call your veterinarian to ask for additional guidance.

How long does it take for a dog to recover from a seizure?

Recovery from a seizure can vary greatly between dogs. Dogs typically appear weak and disoriented following a seizure. This “post-ictal” phase can last for minutes to days after the event.

What are the different types of seizures in dogs?

There are a few types of seizures in dogs. Grand-mal seizures are the typical seizure pet parents think of. These are characterized by whole-body stiffness, collapse, and convulsions. Focal seizures typically involve only a single part of the body. Twitching is localized, and they most commonly involve the facial area. Pet parents may not take notice of this type of seizure because it can be more subtle. Cluster seizures refer to seizures that occur back-to-back continuously. These require immediate veterinary intervention to interrupt the seizures.

What kinds of seizure medications are there for dogs?

Anti-convulsant medications that are prescribed to prevent seizures in dogs include phenobarbital, levetiracetam, potassium bromide, and zonisamide. Occasionally gabapentin may be used for seizure control. The majority of dogs are maintained using just one medication, while other dogs may need a combination of these medications to control their seizures. Diazepam and midazolam are common benzodiazepines that are used in emergency situations to stop seizures at the veterinarian.

What dog breeds are more prone to seizures?

Dogs of any breed can experience seizures, but Border Collies, Schnauzers, Cocker Spaniels, and Australian Shepherds are predisposed to epilepsy due to their genetics.

Are there warning signs before a seizure?

Prior to a seizure, dogs may appear restless and begin drooling excessively. They may whine and stay close to their pet parents. Sometimes, there are no warning signs at all before a seizure.

Can you stop a seizure before it happens?

Unfortunately, epilepsy is not preventable. However, these seizures can be managed with medications to reduce the frequency and severity of them. Because stress may play a role in seizure development in some dogs, providing a calmer environment can be helpful.

The post What to Do If Your Dog is Having a Seizure appeared first on Pet Care Blog – Dog and Cat Health Advice and More | Healthy Paws.

How is it contracted?

Canine distemper is most commonly transmitted via respiratory droplets and saliva from infected dogs and certain wildlife. Urine and feces may also be infectious. Foxes, coyotes, raccoons, and skunks are a few examples of wildlife that may spread the virus. Dogs in close contact, such as those in boarding facilities or within the same household, are a concern as well. Affected animals may continue to harbor the virus for an extended period of time, which can make disease control difficult.

Which dogs are most at risk?

Unvaccinated puppies and adult dogs are more likely to contract this disease because they do not have the vital protection vaccines offer. Additionally, outdoor dogs are at an increased risk due to their higher likelihood of coming into contact with wildlife.

What are the symptoms of distemper?

Canine distemper affects the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and nervous systems. Signs of distemper can vary widely, and not all infected dogs experience the same symptoms. Symptoms can also vary greatly in severity, depending on how long the dog has been fighting the virus and how severe the infection is. Acute infection typically affects the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, while chronic infection leads to more neurological abnormalities.

General symptoms may include the following:

• Fever
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Lack of appetite
• Weight loss
• Lethargy
• Dehydration
• Coughing
• Nasal discharge
• Eye discharge
• Increased respiratory rate
• Abnormal muscle movements
• Convulsions
• Seizures

Two highly characteristic signs of canine distemper also include thickening of the nose and paw pads and reduced enamel on the teeth.

How is it diagnosed?

Dogs with signs of illness should be brought to a veterinarian promptly for evaluation. After a thorough physical examination, your veterinarian will run bloodwork to check for abnormalities. Dogs with canine distemper typically have low white blood cell counts. If your veterinarian suspects this disease, additional samples may be collected to send to a laboratory that offers tests specifically for CDV.

What is the treatment?

Because there is currently no antiviral drug for this disease, treatment consists largely of supportive care. This means treatment is focused on helping affected dogs feel better. For example, dogs who are experiencing vomiting and diarrhea would greatly benefit from fluids, rest, and a bland diet. Dogs with respiratory symptoms may benefit from cough suppressants or oxygen support. Sometimes hospitalization is recommended. Medications that prevent seizures may also be helpful in some patients, while most dogs will receive an antibiotic to prevent secondary bacterial infections.

How can pet parents keep their dogs comfortable during treatment?

While recovering at home, dogs should be provided a quiet, private space to rest and recover. There should always be plenty of clean water available. Keeping infected dogs away from healthy dogs within the household is essential since this disease is highly contagious. This includes providing separate food and water dishes. Additionally, affected dogs should not visit dog parks or other public areas until they have fully recovered. It is important to always wash your hands after interacting with an infected dog to prevent transmitting the virus across surfaces or items within the home, which can spread the virus.

How much does treatment cost?

Treatment costs can vary greatly. Dogs who only experience mild symptoms may need less extensive treatment compared to those dogs who are severely ill. Treatment costs may range from $200-$2000 or more, especially if a dog requires extended hospitalization. Having pet insurance can help reduce the burden of these costs and help pet parents feel prepared for any unexpected costs that may arise throughout their dogs’ lives.

What is the prognosis?

If caught early, affected dogs may recover and live long lives. However, some symptoms, especially neurological signs, may linger for many months or years following the initial infection. Unfortunately, if caught too late in the course of the disease, distemper is usually fatal. It is reported that 50% of adult dogs and 80% of puppies will die from this disease [1].

How can pet parents prevent canine distemper in their dogs?

Staying up to date on vaccinations is the single most important way to prevent canine distemper. The DAPP vaccine, which stands for Distemper, Adenovirus, Parainfluenza, and Parvovirus is part of routine preventative care for all dogs. Puppies should receive initial vaccinations starting around 6 weeks of age followed by boosters every 3 weeks until they are 16 weeks of age. Then, a booster vaccination is given one year later and every three years thereafter. This is a highly effective vaccine and provides excellent protection to dogs.

Can humans get the canine distemper virus?

Fortunately, canine distemper is not a zoonotic disease, which means it cannot be transmitted from animals to humans.

References

1. Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Health Diagnostic Center. (n.d.). Canine Distemper. Ithaca, NY. Retrieved from https://cwhl.vet.cornell.edu/system/files/public/cwhl-fact-sheets-cdv.pdf

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